Chemistry and technology of flavors and fragrances

edited by David J. Rowe

Modern flavours and fragrances are complex formulated products, containing blends of aroma compounds with auxiliary materials, enabling desirable flavours or fragrances to be added to a huge range of products. From the identification and synthesis of materials such as cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in the 19th Century to the current application of advanced analytical techniques for identification of trace aroma compounds present in natural materials, the flavour and fragrance industry has developed as a key part of the worldwide specialty chemicals industry.With contributions mainly coming from industry based experts, "Chemistry and Technology of Flavours and Fragrances" provides a detailed overview of the synthesis, chemistry and application technology of the major classes aroma compounds. With separate chapters covering important technical aspects such as the stability of aroma compounds, structure - odour relationships and identification of aroma compounds, this book will be essential reading for both experienced and graduate level entrants to the flavour and fragrance industry. It will also serve as an important introduction to the subject for chemists and technologists in those industries that use flavours and fragrances, eg food, cosmetics and toiletries, and household products. David Rowe is Technical Manager at De Monchy Aromatics Ltd., Poole UK.

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Modern flavours and fragrances are complex formulated products containing blends of aroma compounds with auxiliary materials, enabling desirable flavors or fragrances to be added to a huge range of products. From the identification and synthesis of materials such as cinnamaldehyde and vanillin to the current application of advanced analytical techniques for identifying trace aroma compounds present in natural materials, the flavor and fragrance industry has developed into an integral part of the worldwide specialty chemicals industry."Chemistry and Technology of Flavors and Fragrances" is invaluable to achieving a rapid and comprehensive understanding of the industry. With contributions coming from industry-based experts, this book provides a detailed overview of the synthesis, chemistry, and application technology of aroma compounds. It contains separate chapters covering important technical aspects such as the stability of aroma compounds, structure-odor relationships, and the characterization of aroma compounds. Including brief discussions of topics likely to have a significant impact on the industry, this book is an excellent introduction to the subject for chemists and technologists in industries using flavors and fragrances.

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[目次]

  • INTRODUCTION.David J Rowe.History.The Classical World.The Mediaeval World.From the Renaissance to the Enlightment.The Industrial Age.The Post-War World.Technical factors:.Social factors.The Future.The Structure of the Flavour and Fragrance Industry.A Note on Regulations.A Note on Quality.IDENTIFICATION OF AROMA CHEMICALS.Neil C. Da Costa and Sanja Eri.Introduction.Isolation of Aroma Chemicals.Solvent Extraction.Extraction of liquid samples.Extraction of solid samples.Soxhlet Extraction.Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE).Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE).Fractionation of solvent extracts.Concentration of solvent extracts.Solvent Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE).Steam Distillation Methods.Headspace Techniques.Static Headspace.Dynamic Headspace.Direct Thermal Desorption (DTD).Sorptive techniques.Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME).Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) (commercially available as TwisterTM).Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O).Techniques for identification of aroma compounds.A Case Study: Generessencea.Sample Preparation.Valencia Orange.Roast Chicken.Narcissus.Post-Analysis Work.References.FLAVOUR GENERATION IN FOOD.Liam O'Hare and John Grigor.Introduction.Taste and Aroma.Cooked Meat.Flavour Precursors.Lipid Oxidation and Degradation.Hydrolysis.Oxidation.Fatty Aldehydes as flavour compounds.Fatty Aldehydes (pentanal and hexanal) as flavour precursors.Other lipid derived flavour precursors.Fatty Aldehydes as "Flavour Moderators".Strecker Degradation.The Maillard Reaction.Caramelisation.Influence of Method of Cooking.Roasting Frying and Grilling.Pyrazines.Thiazoles.Thiophenes and Furans.Boiling.Reheating.Species Differences.Fermented Foods.Cheese.Lactose and citrate fermentation.Protein Degradation.Proteolysis.Metabolism of free amino acids.Cysteine and Methionine.Threonine.Arginine.Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine.Phenylalanine and Tyrosine.Tryptophan.Lipid Degradation.Oxidative degradation.Hydrolytic Degradation.Acids.Esters.Thioesters.Methyl Ketones and Secondary Alcohols.Lactones.Acknowledgments.References.AROMA CHEMICALS I: C,H,O COMPOUNDS.David J. Rowe.Introduction.Alcohols.Saturated Alkyl alcohols.Unsaturated alkyl alcohols.Complex Fragrance Alcohols.Aromatic and aralkyl alcohols.Phenolics.Acids.Saturated aliphatic acids.Unsaturated acids.Aromatic acids.Esters.Saturated.Unsaturated.Aromatic esters.Lactones - gamma and delta.Synthesis of esters.Aldehydes.Aliphatic.Unsaturated.Acetals.Aromatics.Nitriles.Ketones."Carotenoids"
  • Ionones, Irones, Damascones and related compounds.Hydrocarbons.Acknowledgements.References.AROMA CHEMICALS II - HETEROCYCLES.Michael Zviely.Introduction.Introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds.Terminology of Heterocycles.Non-aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds.Oxygen Containing Heterocyclic Aroma Chemicals.Oxiranes.Furans and Hydrofurans.Pyrans.Oxepins.Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Nitrogen and/or Sulphur.Non-Aromatic Molecules.Aromatic Molecules.Thiophene Derivatives.Pyrrole and Indole Derivatives.Pyridine and Quinoline Derivatives.Pyrazine and Quinoxaline Derivatives.Thiazole Derivatives.The Formation of Heterocyclic Compounds in Food.References and Notes.AROMA CHEMICALS III: SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.Simon B. Jameson.Thiols and Thioesters.Acyclic Sulphides and Polysulphides.Saturated Heterocyclic Sulphur Compounds.Quality and Stability.Acknowledgement.References.AROMA CHEMICALS IV: MUSKS.Philip Kraft,..Introduction.Natural Musks.Nitro Musks.Pcm - Polycyclic Aromatic Musks.Evolution Of The Industrial Synthesis Of Macrocycles.Modern Macrocyclic Musks.New Musk Structures.Acknowledgement.References.AROMA CHEMICALS V: NATURAL AROMA CHEMICALS.John Margetts.Introduction.The natural concept.Chirality.Isolation from natural sources such as essential oils.Biotechnology.Total Flavour Enhancement.Individual Flavour Chemicals.Alcohols.Carbonyls.Acids.Lactones.Esters.Green Notes.Pyrazines.Sulphur Compounds.Terpenoid and related Compounds.Vanillin.Precursors.Soft Chemistry.Conclusion.References.MOLECULES OF TASTE AND SENSATION.Mark L. Dewis,.Introduction.The Trigeminal Nerve System, Taste and Oral Receptors.The Trigeminal Nerve.Gustation.Oral Receptors.Chemesthesis."Sensates"
  • Compounds which provide a sensory effect.Tingle compounds.Cooling compounds.Pungent, warming and hot irritants.Astringency.Synergies.Closing comments on Compounds which provide a sensory effect.Taste active compounds.Sweeteners.Salt and enhancers.Sour agents.Bitter agents.Umami 'the fifth taste quality'.Conclusions.References.STABILITY OF AROMA CHEMICALS.Chris Winkel.Introduction.Flavour Stability.Flavour Precursors.Encapsulation.Analogues.Case Study 1: Citral And Vanillin Stability In Milk-Based Products.Case Study 2: Stability Of Thiols In An Aqueous Process Flavouring.Stability And Fragrance Applications.Conclusion.References.RATIONAL ODORANT DESIGN.Luca Turin.Introduction.Theories of olfaction.For Shape:.Plausibility.The nature of the receptors.Against Shape:.No predictive ability.Isosteric molecules smell different."Strong" shape looks unlikely."Weak" shape appears untestable.The chiral receptor problem.No odorant antagonists have been found.We smell functional groups..For Vibration.Functional group recognition.isosteric molecules accounted for.Isotopes smell different (maybe).Enantiomers accounted for (differently).The Chiral Limit.Against vibration.Mechanism novel and unproven.Inability to account for odorant intensity.Rational design by shape.Rational design by vibration.Replacement molecules.Acitral (r).Lioral (r).2 Prospects for the future.Acknowledgements.References:.APPLICATIONS I: FLAVOURS.David Baines & Jack Knights.Introduction.The Early Days of Flavour Analysis.The Role of the Flavourist.Liquid Flavourings.Water Soluble Liquid Flavourings.Solvents for Special Uses.Oil Soluble Liquid Flavourings.Emulsion Liquid Flavourings.Powder Flavours.Plating.Properties of plated flavours and spices.Spray Drying.Emulsification.Atomisation.Drying.Separation.Carriers and Encapsulating Agents.Spray Cooling.Yeast Encapsulation.Coacervation.Method of production.Properties of coacervated flavourings.Melt Extrusion.Method of production.Carriers.Properties of melt extruded flavourings.Molecular Encapsulation.Formulation Issues for the Flavourist.Flavour Creation.Influence of Foodstuff to be Flavoured.Influence of Legislation.Influence of Customer Requirements..References.APPLICATIONS II: FRAGRANCE.Stephen J. Herman.Introduction.The basic structure of fragrances.The simplest case: Hydroalcoholics.Personal care applications: emulsions.Personal care applications: surfactants.Air fresheners.Candles.Reactive hair care.Depilatories.Dyes and Perms.Bleach.Malodor Counteractants.Stability testing.Conclusion.References.APPENDIX.David J Rowe

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この本の情報

書名 Chemistry and technology of flavors and fragrances
著作者等 Rowe David
Rowe David J.
出版元 Blackwell;CRC Press
刊行年月 2005
ページ数 xiv, 336 p.
大きさ 26 cm
ISBN 084932372X
1405114509
NCID BA70019120
※クリックでCiNii Booksを表示
言語 英語
出版国 イギリス
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